1. Pre-Congress Movements
Revolt of 1857
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Also Known As: First War of Indian Independence
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Causes:
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Political annexations (Doctrine of Lapse)
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Social & religious interference
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Economic exploitation
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Military grievances (greased cartridge issue)
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Leaders:
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Mangal Pandey: First martyr
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Rani Laxmibai: Jhansi
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Tantia Tope: Central India
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Bahadur Shah Zafar: Delhi
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Kunwar Singh: Bihar
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Failure Reasons:
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Lack of coordination
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Limited participation
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No central leadership
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Impact: End of East India Company rule, Crown took over governance (1858).
2. Formation of Indian National Congress (INC)
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Founded: 1885
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Founder: A.O. Hume
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First Session: Bombay, W.C. Bonnerjee as President
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Aim: Political, social, and economic reforms
Moderate Leaders (1885–1905)
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Leaders: Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee
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Methods: Petitions, resolutions, constitutional means
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Demands: Civil services reform, reduction of taxes, freedom of speech
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Book: Poverty and Un-British Rule in India by Dadabhai Naoroji (Drain Theory)
3. Extremist Phase (1905–1919)
Partition of Bengal (1905)
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By: Lord Curzon
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Reason: Administrative (claimed), but real aim was to divide & weaken nationalism
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Effect: Sparked huge protests in Bengal
Swadeshi & Boycott Movement
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Meaning: Use of Indian goods, boycott of British goods
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Leaders: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal-Bal-Pal), Aurobindo Ghosh
Role of Bengal
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Bengal became the center of revolutionary activities
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Anushilan Samiti & Jugantar: Secret societies for armed revolution
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Khudiram Bose & Prafulla Chaki: Attempted assassination of British official Kingsford (Muzaffarpur, 1908)
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Alipore Bomb Case (1908): Aurobindo Ghosh arrested
4. Home Rule Movement (1916–1918)
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Leaders: Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Maharashtra), Annie Besant (All India)
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Aim: Self-government (Home Rule)
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Slogan: “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it.”
5. Gandhian Era (1919–1947)
Entry of Mahatma Gandhi
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Returned from South Africa in 1915
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Promoted non-violence (Ahimsa) and truth (Satya)
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Strategy: Mass mobilization, non-violent protests
