1. Verbal Reasoning

a) Analogy

• Meaning: Finding the relationship between two pairs of words or numbers.

• Types:

  • Word Analogy (e.g., Pen : Write :: Knife : Cut)

  • Number Analogy (e.g., 2 : 4 :: 3 : 6)

• Tips:

  • Understand the logic connecting the first pair

  • Apply the same logic to the second pair

b) Classification (Odd One Out)

• Meaning: Identify the item that doesn’t belong to the group.

• Example: Cow, Goat, Tiger, Buffalo → Tiger is odd (carnivore)

c) Series Completion

• Number Series: 2, 4, 8, 16, ? → 32

• Alphabet Series: A, C, E, G, ? → I

• Tips:

  • Observe the pattern (addition, multiplication, squares)

  • For alphabet series, convert letters to numbers (A=1, B=2, etc.)

d) Coding-Decoding

• Meaning: Decipher the code used to write words in a specific way.

• Example:

  • If CAT = DBU, then DOG = ?

  • (Each letter is shifted by +1) → EPH

e) Blood Relations

• Meaning: Questions on family relationships.

• Example:

  • Ram is the brother of Shyam. Shyam is the father of Rita. How is Ram related to Rita?

  • Answer: Uncle

• Tip: Use family trees for clarity.

f) Direction Sense Test

• Meaning: Questions based on directions and distances.

• Example:

  • A man walks 10 km north, then turns right and walks 5 km. In which direction is he now?

  • Answer: East

g) Statement & Conclusion

• Meaning: Decide which conclusions logically follow from given statements.

• Example:

  • Statement: All apples are fruits. Some fruits are sweet.

  • Conclusion: Some apples are sweet → Not necessarily true

2. Non-Verbal Reasoning

a) Series & Pattern Recognition

• Identify patterns in figures, shapes, or designs.

b) Mirror & Water Images

• Mirror Image: Left and right are reversed.

• Water Image: Top and bottom are reversed.

c) Paper Folding & Cutting

• Questions on how paper folds and what shape emerges when unfolded.

d) Embedded Figures

• Find a small figure hidden within a complex figure.

3. Quantitative Aptitude

a) Number System

• Natural Numbers: 1, 2, 3, …

• Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, …

• Integers: … -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …

• Prime Numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …

• Composite Numbers: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, …

b) Simplification

• Apply BODMAS Rule:

  • Bracket → Of → Division → Multiplication → Addition → Subtraction

c) LCM & HCF

• LCM (Least Common Multiple): Smallest number divisible by given numbers.

• HCF (Highest Common Factor): Largest number dividing given numbers.

d) Percentage

• Formula: (Part/Whole) × 100

• Example: What is 25% of 200? → 50

e) Ratio & Proportion

• Ratio: Comparison of two quantities → a:b

• Proportion: Equality of two ratios → a:b :: c:d

f) Average

• Formula: (Sum of observations) / (Number of observations)

g) Time & Work

• Basic Concept:

  • If A can do a job in 10 days, then A’s 1-day work = 1/10

  • If A & B together can do it in 5 days, then combined work/day = 1/5

h) Speed, Distance & Time

• Formula: Speed = Distance / Time

• Unit Conversion: 1 km/hr = 5/18 m/s

i) Simple & Compound Interest

• Simple Interest (SI):

  • SI = (P × R × T) / 100

• Compound Interest (CI):

  • CI = P × [(1 + R/100)^T – 1]

j) Profit & Loss

• Profit: Selling Price > Cost Price

• Loss: Cost Price > Selling Price

• Formula:

  • Profit % = (Profit / Cost Price) × 100

  • Loss % = (Loss / Cost Price) × 100

k) Mensuration

4. Data Interpretation

• Tables, Graphs, Pie Charts

• Questions on data comparison, percentage increase/decrease

5. Logical Puzzles

• Seating arrangement

• Age-based puzzles

• Scheduling problems